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起搏器与临床心电生理200问
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部分 起搏器百问1.正常的心脏是如何跳动的?2.什么是心脏起搏器系统?3.为什么会出现心律失常?4.心律失常的常见症状有哪些?5.什么是心律失常?心律失常的分类有哪些?6.心脏起搏器(脉冲发生器)的发展简史是怎样的?7.起搏电极导线的类型和发展简史是怎样的?8.心脏起搏器的类型有哪些?9.心脏起搏器是如何进行分类编码的?10.起搏器电池的构成是怎样的?11.哪些患者需要植入起搏器?12.如何选择合适的起搏模式?13.什么是单腔起搏器?其是如何工作的?14.什么是双腔起搏器?其是如何工作的?15.什么是起搏器综合征?16.什么是起搏器介导性心动过速及其处理方法?17.什么是频率适应性心脏起搏?18.什么是生理性起搏?起搏器是如何做到生理性起搏的?19.起搏器的植入过程是怎样进行的?20.起搏电极导线的进入途径及选择是怎样的?21.起搏导线植入后需进行哪些参数的测试和设置?22.什么是V00起搏模式?在什么情况下可使用V00起搏模式?23.起搏器是如何做到按需起搏的24.分支或束支传导阻滞的患者中哪些需要植入起搏器?25.心肌梗死患者是否需要植入起搏器?26.心脏移植后的患者是否需要植入起搏器?27.先天性心脏病及其手术治疗后的患者中进行起搏器治疗的建议有哪些?28.什么是血管迷走性晕厥?29.起搏器能否治疗血管迷走性晕厥?30.起搏器是如何用于心房颤动防治的?31.哪些肥厚型心肌病患者可以采用起搏治疗?32.起搏器是如何治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的?……第二部分 临床心电生理百问
《起搏器与临床心电生理200问》: 心房颤动(房颤)是临床上常见的心律失常,大致可分为阵发性房颤和持续性房颤。由多种原因引起,其确切机制尚不清楚,可能与老年、心肌疾病、心脏或心肌结构异常有关。房颤时心房的心肌纤维颤动,心房肌电活动紊乱,记录到的心电信号幅度小,频率快(300~500次/分),整个(左、右)心房处于机械静止状态,无正常的收缩活动,因而心房内容易产生血栓,从而造成栓塞并发症。对于持续性永久性房颤的患者,当其心室频率缓慢或心室长时间停搏,产生症状,严重影响心脏功能和日常生活时,需安装起搏器治疗。由于自身心房已无功能,对电刺激无反应,故只能用心室起搏器治疗,包括VVI、VVIR或双心室起搏治疗。对于阵发性房颤患者,当伴有窦房结功能明显异常时,需安装起搏器治疗,通常应用带有自动模式转换(AMS)功能的DDD或DDDR起搏器。当房颤发生时,由于心房感知到高频事件,起搏器将自动把原来DDD模式改为DDI或VVI模式,目的是避免心室跟踪较高的心房频率,保持心室相对正常较慢的频率。目前多数DDD起搏器均带有AMS功能。有些特殊程控设计的起搏器,能够对房性早搏(有时是触发房颤的原因)进行特殊反应,包括以较快的频率起搏心房一段时间,以消除房性早搏造成的心房复极不均一,抑制心房异位兴奋灶,消除运动后心率骤减,预防房颤后早期复发,从而预防由房性早搏或其他原因引起的房颤的发生。31.哪些肥厚型心肌病患者可以采用起搏治疗?肥厚型心肌病患者当伴有左心室流出道梗阻,且同时存在有症状的房室传导阻滞或窦房结功能障碍,应安装DDD或DDDR起搏器。此外梗阻性肥厚型心肌病,药物治疗无效,症状明显,左心室流出道压力阶差明显增高(静息时>30rnmHg,或激发时>50mmHg)时,可考虑进行起搏器治疗。32.起搏器是如何治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的?起搏器减低左心室流出道压力阶差的机制尚不完全清楚。目前认为,右心室心尖部起搏可提前激动右心室心尖部心肌,改变正常心室激动顺序,使室间隔激动和收缩延迟,由于局部节段性心肌的不同步性使左心室流出道的直径在收缩期增宽,同时减轻二尖瓣前瓣的前移而解除流出道的梗阻。小规模的随机临床研究也证实双腔起搏器及短房室间期可降低左心室流出道压力阶差,改善纽约心功能分级(NYHA)的级别。所以起搏器术后应适当缩短房室间期。由于缺乏大规模的前瞻性的随机临床试验资料,使此疾病的起搏适应证尚有争议。33.与起搏器植入手术相关的并发症有哪些? 起搏器植入手术与其他手术一样,都可能有意想不到的意外和并发症出现。与起搏器植入手术相关的并发症有以下几种。 (1)血肿形成:是起搏器植入手术常见的并发症之一。血肿形成可有局部肿胀、疼痛等表现。早期轻度血肿可采用局部砂袋加压止血,不主张引流以免增加不必要的感染机会。如局部压迫仍不能止血,应考虑尽早打开囊袋,寻找出血的血管,结扎止血。 (2)囊袋感染、溃破:其发生率为2%左右。起搏系统的感染应尽早发现和处理,如出现皮肤溃破,应尽可能移出已感染的起搏器和电极导线,以免感染扩散,久治不愈。 (3)心肌穿孔:发生率低于1%,心脏扩大、心脏壁薄、老年患者较易发生。一旦发生心肌穿孔,并出现心脏压塞症状,应行心包穿刺引流,必要时行开胸修补。 (4)导线移位或微移位:是起搏器手术常见并发症,发生率为2%~3%,患者会出现起搏阈值升高、失夺获、感知低下或阻抗异常等变化。 ……
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