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星期天(短经典精选·软精装)
$36.67
《星期天》首次出版于二○○○年,共收入犹太女作家伊莱娜·内米洛夫斯基的十五篇短篇作品,其*早一篇创作于一九三四年,*晚一篇写成于一九四二年初——同年七月,内米洛夫斯基被捕,一个月后死于奥斯维辛集中营。从战前巴黎家庭的起居室到战时法国男男女女的生活,从塞林格式的残忍小事到一九四○年的大溃败,借助“短篇小说”这一形式,内米洛夫斯基勇敢而敏锐地记录下了时代变局中社会与人心的裂隙。
伊莱娜•内米洛夫斯基(1903-1942)
一九○三年出生于乌克兰基辅的一个犹太银行家家庭,“十月革命”后随家人移居巴黎,入读索邦大学。一九二九年,她凭借处女作小说《大卫•格德尔》迎来文学上的成功,并就此活跃于二十世纪三十年代的巴黎文坛。然而,由于其犹太人身份,尽管她于一九三九年皈依天主教,仍无法获得法国国籍。第二次世界大战的巴黎大逃亡之后,她躲在法国东部一个小镇里,后遭法国宪兵逮捕,于一九四二年八月十七日被杀害于奥斯维辛集中营。
二○○四年,内米洛夫斯基的长女将母亲遗物中找到的未完成小说《法兰西组曲》整理出版,获得当年度法国雷诺多文学奖,这是该奖历史上首次颁给一位去世作家。
序言
作者/劳拉·阿德莱尔(法国作家)
首先是孤独。像求生的本能,像被禁锢的快感,像理解世界的一种方式。伊莱娜•内米洛夫斯基是一个执意孤独的作家。这种孤独在今天像一个召唤,一种自我升华。
从小,伊莱娜•内米洛夫斯基就知道自己不是母亲所期望的:一个乖巧的小女孩,束缚在上个世纪初俄国资产阶级的种种社会规范里,要被调教成贤妻良母,上流社会的女子。不,她是野性的,暴烈的,睁大眼睛看着世界,被一个梦的宇宙所占据。少女时代,她的白日梦越发幽深了:她发现了文学。她不是阅读,而是在吞食。或许在那个时候,她发誓她要成为作家。文字的世界将彻底成为她的世界,学到的文字、潜移默化的文字还有放在自我和世界之间的文字,如同壁垒的文字。
母亲讨厌她痴迷于阅读——“意淫”的堕落的乐趣,这并非出于偶然。母亲早已明白小女孩已经逸出了她的掌控,或者说几乎。
革命的喧嚣,离乡背井,躲在莫斯科的一间公寓里,闭门索居,把自己孤立在阅读中、在一个不愿意明白世界在改变的家庭里,这一切让这个刁蛮少女的个性变得越发孤僻、越发决绝。
在内米洛夫斯基的世界,笼罩着一种奇怪的氛围:脆弱的和平、模糊的身份、正在消解的行动、濒临堕落边缘的人物、缓慢的退化。内米洛夫斯基的风格就是攫住读者,让他困惑,让他置身危境,一边思忖自己什么时候会被捕获,到底哪里才是极限。
她的文风所流露的现代性,尤其是通过纠缠在她所有作品中萦绕不去的主题所维系的,那就是模糊性。形势的模糊,人物的模糊,存在的模糊。内米洛夫斯基是懂得如何把灵魂的撕扯和自我的分裂描绘出来的二十世纪作家。我们永远都不是我们自己,我们整个的存在历程就是试图把分裂的自我整合起来。在这个无边无际的迷宫里,写作试图辟出一条认清自我、平息痛苦的道路。
伊莱娜•内米洛夫斯基主要围绕两个主题写作:母亲和犹太性。她并不是从母亲或犹太性的中心出发去写作。不是,而是像一个探索深知其为危险领地的猎人,她尽量去靠近却不不开一枪。她带着内心的恐惧,却从来都不舍弃。或许这就是读者从中获得的乐趣,欣赏她选择猎物的方式,把它们展示给我们看,奄奄一息,虚弱不堪,但永远都不是瘫死在地上。母亲是猎物之皇后:哪怕正当她风华正茂,女儿也把她描写成笨重、严肃、哀怨。是的,可是……女儿永远都不会反抗一位凶狠、不称职的母亲,因为她为人母、为人妻的角色和社会原因举止不得体的母亲。女儿对这位母亲所怀有的感情更多的是一种同情,她既懂得如何去谴责她的过错——重读《舞会》不难发现——也让读者对这个女人油然而生一丝怜悯:她在自己女儿身上看到自身苍老的迹象和一个竞争对手的诞生。伊丽莎白•吉尔在她写的关于她母亲的杰作《屋顶观景台》中,并没有错综复杂地去描写她祖母的行为,当她和她姐姐,1945年奇迹般地从父母都死在里头的集中营里逃生出来,在波尔多一个地下室被关了好几个星期,终于回到巴黎,按响了家族的幸存者的门铃:她后来称呼她为狼。狼,童年让我们吓得发抖的大恶狼,那头大恶狼这样回答陪德尼丝和伊丽莎白回来的夫人:“我没有孙女。”夫人坚持着,谈到了伊丽莎白的胸膜炎。狼咕哝着:“有收容穷孩子的疗养院。”
这种对后代的抛弃就像一个预感回响在这些短篇小说中。母女间的斗争,人们总是表面上装出温情的样子,但是面具终究会扭曲。好是不要说出真相:它总会让人心灵受伤。这里,尤其是在《星期天》和《幸福的堤岸》中,母女间的沉默说明了在命运为她们准备的残酷现实面前谁都不傻。
伊莱娜•内米洛夫斯基绝望地想相信自己的幸运之星:她懂得挑战母亲让她忍受的不幸和羞辱,她懂得很快、很强势地让自己成为一名作家,她寄给一家出版社的本小说竟然没有写地址……是有意忘记还是命运的捉弄?出版社不得不刊登了几则启事来找到作者,而当时,她有比看报纸更好的事情要做,她正在照顾她刚刚出生的女儿。
书出版了,成功接踵而至,还有对她的承认。三十年代初就成了文学世界的公主,文学评论大家推崇她的风格,从开篇就惜墨如金的对人物的描写,伊莱娜•内米洛夫斯基完全契合别人眼中的她的形象:从俄罗斯流亡到法国的作家,的确如此,但她是法国作家。她的身份折磨着她,就像这本集子里面名叫《同胞》的那篇小说中的故事。不容置疑的古以色列人,因此是富有的,但不完全是犹太人。被同化了,她自己这样认为。此外,当她读到布拉西拉赫对她的溢美之词,当她在《甘果瓦》杂志上发表很多文学作品的时候,而这本杂志同时也刊登那些非常反犹的文章,她如何能怀疑这一点?
她女儿说,在她被捕的时候,别人原本给了她逃脱的机会。她回答说:“不要二度流亡。”土地,是法国,她的祖国:法语。少女时代,她以为死者都会还魂:她说得没错。短篇小说集的出版和伊丽莎白•吉尔的书的再版,都见证了她依然活在我们心中。
内米洛夫斯基是懂得如何把灵魂的撕扯和自我的分裂描绘出来的二十世纪作家。我们永远都不是我们自己,我们整个的存在历程就是试图把分裂的自我整合起来。在这个无边无际的迷宫里,写作试图辟出一条认清自我、平息痛苦的道路。
——法国作家 劳拉•阿德莱尔
很少有书像《星期天》意义昂扎根于那个时代(1934—1942),其中的十五个短篇小说,从塞林格式的残忍小事到一九四○年的大崩溃,再现了历史的轮廓和细节。
——法国《观点》杂志
内米洛夫斯基的短篇小说,和她的长篇小说一样,明显受到了巴尔扎克、福楼拜和托尔斯泰的影响……她对法国社会的犀利观察和对战争围困中的法国的再现,是毫不夸张的。
——美国《波士顿环球报》
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