数据库实验教程
数据库实验教程
第1章引言1
1.1数据库原理实验教学目标1
1.2数据库原理实验教学安排2
1.2.1课程具体内容及基本要求3
1.2.2实验项目安排3
1.3数据库原理实验管理规范4
1.4数据库原理实验的考评5第2章数据库原理概述6
2.1数据库的相关概念6
2.1.1数据、数据管理、数据库与数据库系统6
2.1.2数据管理技术的发展8
2.1.3数据模型9
2.1.4关系数据库13
2.1.5数据库保护与控制15
数据库原理是计算机科学与技术和软件工程等专业的核心课程,是理论与实践相结合的重要课程。该课程既具有系统的理论价值,也具有广泛的应用领域,对培养学生的专业理论知识和专业实践能力至关重要。目前几乎所有高校的计算机学院、软件学院和信息学院的相关专业都将“数据库原理”和“数据库原理实验”课程作为专业核心课程;为增强学生的实践应用能力,服务于研究型和应用型复合人才培养目标,近年来很多学校的相关专业都修改了教学计划,压缩理论教学课时数,相应增加实验类课程教学课时数。
为适应当前培养研究型和应用型复合人才与“卓越工程师”人才的需要,我们在多年教学与实践经验的基础之上,结合当前教学计划的修订和学生学习的实际需要,编写了这本符合新型培养目标要求的《数据库实验教程》,将数据库标准语言SQL的主要内容在实验课堂先进行讲解、举例,然后给出大量的实验题目要求,让学生进行充分的实验训练,做到真正理解、掌握数据库管理系统的原理和数据管理技术,并能融会贯通,熟练运用其进行各种数据管理操作,提升学生分析问题、解决问题的能力,达到“数据库原理实验”课程的教学目标。
和TransactSQL3.1SQL概述〖*4/5〗3.1.1SQL标准SQL是Structured Query Language的缩写,即结构化查询语言。作为关系数据库的标准语言,SQL初是基于IBM的System R研制的,1986年被美国国家标准化组织(ANSI)批准为关系数据库的标准语言;1987年,国际标准化组织(ISO)把ANSI SQL作为国际标准,这个标准在1992年进行了修订(SQL92),1999年再次修订(SQL99),2003年、2008年和2011年分别更新了国际标准。作为一种访问关系型数据库的标准语言,SQL问世以来得到了为广泛的应用,著名的商用数据库管理系统产品(如Oracle、IBM DB2、Sybase、INGRES、MS SQL Server)都支持它,当前十分流行的开源数据库产品(如Postgre SQL、MySQL等)也支持它。
一般情况下，提起SQL标准,涉及的内容主要是SQL92里基本或者核心的一部分。SQL92本身是分级的,包括入门级、过渡级、中间级和完全级。不过,SQL标准包含的内容实在太多,而且有很多特性对新的SQL产品也越来越不重要。从SQL99之后,标准中符合程度的定义就不再分级,而是改成了核心兼容性和特性兼容性。
各种不同的数据库管理系统产品对SQL的支持往往与标准存在细微的不同,这是因为,有的产品的开发先于标准的公布,另外,各产品开发商为了达到特殊的性能或新的特性,需要对标准进行扩展。
3.1.2SQL的特点
SQL集数据查询(Data Query)、数据操纵(Data Manipulation)、数据定义(Data Definition)和数据控制(Data Control)功能于一体,是一个通用的、功能极强的关系数据库语言,充分体现了关系数据语言的特点和优点。
1. 综合统一
SQL集数据定义语言(DDL)、数据操纵语言(DML)、数据控制语言（DCL）的功能于一体,语言风格统一,可以独立完成数据库生命周期中的全部活动,包括定义数据库、定义关系模式、录入数据以及数据库的查询、更新、维护、数据库重构、数据库安全性、完整性控制等一系列操作要求,这就为数据库应用系统开发提供了良好的环境,在数据库系统建成投入运行后,还可根据用户需要随时、逐步地修改模式,并不影响数据库系统的运行,从而使系统具有良好的可扩充性。
2. 高度非过程化
Shipping Overview:
• Shipping: Standard Domestic Shipping within the United States charges USD 4.99. Standard International Shipping from United Kingdom and Germany to the United States charges 14.99.
• Order Processing: Please allow 1-2 business days for order processing and preparation before shipment.
• Domestic Shipping: Orders within the U.S. are shipped via USPS or FedEx, depending on the origin of the product. The average transit time is 3-7 business days.
• International Shipping: Currently, we only ship within the USA.
• Tracking Information: Every order is trackable. You will receive a tracking number once your order has been shipped. Products may be shipped from various global fulfillment centers.
Shipping Delays:
Please note that shipping times may vary due to factors beyond our control, such as weather conditions, natural disasters, or peak holiday periods. While we strive to ensure timely delivery, the exact arrival time cannot be guaranteed and is managed by the shipping carrier.
Shipping Options:
-
Standard Delivery: Most orders are shipped within 3-7 business days. Larger items may utilize LTL shipping for safe handling.
-
Handling Time: We handle shipments on business days (Monday - Friday), with a preparation time of 1-2 days.
-
Additional Charges: Some items require additional shipping charges due to their size, weight, or special handling. These charges are specified on the product pages and are not eligible for shipping discounts.
-
Exclusions: Gift cards, packaging, taxes, and prior purchases do not count toward the minimum purchase requirement for free shipping. This offer is valid only for shipments to U.S. addresses, including Puerto Rico.
Delivery Details:
-
Estimates: Standard shipping within the US typically takes 3-7 business days. These are estimates and not guarantees.
-
Shipping Restrictions: We ship to all 50 states, Washington, DC, U.S. territories, and APO/FPO/DPO addresses. Shipping options vary based on the delivery address.
-
Remote Areas: Shipments to remote areas may incur additional charges or require pickup from a nearby shipping partner’s location.
Shipping Confirmation:
You will receive a shipping confirmation email with a tracking number as soon as your order is dispatched. If you do not receive this email immediately, please be assured that your items will arrive within the estimated delivery window provided at checkout.
Order Modifications:
If you need to cancel or modify your order, please contact our customer support immediately.
Issues with Delivery:
If your order shows as delivered but you have not received it, please contact the shipping carrier directly to resolve the issue. For persistent problems, contact our customer service at cs@everymarket.com.
Customer Support:
Our team is available 24/7 to assist you with any questions or concerns regarding your order. We are committed to ensuring a smooth shopping experience.
Return & Refund Policy Overview
Please review our return and refund policies below to ensure a smooth transaction process.
Return Policy
-
Duration: You have 30 days from receiving your item to initiate a return.
-
Condition: Items must be unworn, unwashed, with original tags and packaging intact.
-
Shipping Costs: Customers are responsible for return shipping costs.
-
Packaging: Ensure returned items are well-packaged to avoid damage during transit.
-
Tracking: Use a trackable and insured shipping method as we are not liable for items lost or damaged on return.
-
Initiating a Return: Contact us at cs@everymarket.com to start your return. We will provide a return shipping label and instructions upon approval. Returns without prior approval will not be accepted.
How to Return
-
Method: Returns must be sent back by mail to the address provided in the return instructions.
Return Label
-
Defective Products: Return labels are provided for defective items.
-
Non-Defective Returns: Customers are responsible for obtaining their return shipping label.
Product Conditions for Return
-
Eligible Products: Returns are only accepted for items in new condition.
Nonreturnable Items
Certain items are not eligible for return:
-
Electronic devices after 30 days (e.g., computers, laptops, Kindles)
-
Gift cards, prepaid game cards
-
Perishable goods, live insects, some jewelry, some health and personal care items
-
Customized or personalized products
-
Items with special shipping restrictions
Refund Policy
-
Window: Eligible products may be returned within 30 days of delivery for a refund.
-
Refund Method: Refunds are processed to the original payment method or as store credit for items purchased with gift cards.
-
Processing Time: Refunds are processed within 3-5 business days after we receive the return; please allow additional time for shipping and bank processing.
Claims
Inspect your order upon arrival and report any defects, damages, or incorrect items immediately to allow us to address the issue. For claims, contact our support team with details of the issue.
Exchange Policy
For the quickest service, return your original item and place a new order for the desired product once your return is accepted.
Return Address
EveryMarket Customer Service 2101 E Terra Ln, O'Fallon, MO 63366
Customer Support
Available 24/7 for any questions or assistance needed:
-
Phone: +1 636-312-5925
-
Email: cs@everymarket.com
第1章引言1
1.1数据库原理实验教学目标1
1.2数据库原理实验教学安排2
1.2.1课程具体内容及基本要求3
1.2.2实验项目安排3
1.3数据库原理实验管理规范4
1.4数据库原理实验的考评5第2章数据库原理概述6
2.1数据库的相关概念6
2.1.1数据、数据管理、数据库与数据库系统6
2.1.2数据管理技术的发展8
2.1.3数据模型9
2.1.4关系数据库13
2.1.5数据库保护与控制15
数据库原理是计算机科学与技术和软件工程等专业的核心课程,是理论与实践相结合的重要课程。该课程既具有系统的理论价值,也具有广泛的应用领域,对培养学生的专业理论知识和专业实践能力至关重要。目前几乎所有高校的计算机学院、软件学院和信息学院的相关专业都将“数据库原理”和“数据库原理实验”课程作为专业核心课程;为增强学生的实践应用能力,服务于研究型和应用型复合人才培养目标,近年来很多学校的相关专业都修改了教学计划,压缩理论教学课时数,相应增加实验类课程教学课时数。
为适应当前培养研究型和应用型复合人才与“卓越工程师”人才的需要,我们在多年教学与实践经验的基础之上,结合当前教学计划的修订和学生学习的实际需要,编写了这本符合新型培养目标要求的《数据库实验教程》,将数据库标准语言SQL的主要内容在实验课堂先进行讲解、举例,然后给出大量的实验题目要求,让学生进行充分的实验训练,做到真正理解、掌握数据库管理系统的原理和数据管理技术,并能融会贯通,熟练运用其进行各种数据管理操作,提升学生分析问题、解决问题的能力,达到“数据库原理实验”课程的教学目标。
和TransactSQL3.1SQL概述〖*4/5〗3.1.1SQL标准SQL是Structured Query Language的缩写,即结构化查询语言。作为关系数据库的标准语言,SQL初是基于IBM的System R研制的,1986年被美国国家标准化组织(ANSI)批准为关系数据库的标准语言;1987年,国际标准化组织(ISO)把ANSI SQL作为国际标准,这个标准在1992年进行了修订(SQL92),1999年再次修订(SQL99),2003年、2008年和2011年分别更新了国际标准。作为一种访问关系型数据库的标准语言,SQL问世以来得到了为广泛的应用,著名的商用数据库管理系统产品(如Oracle、IBM DB2、Sybase、INGRES、MS SQL Server)都支持它,当前十分流行的开源数据库产品(如Postgre SQL、MySQL等)也支持它。
一般情况下，提起SQL标准,涉及的内容主要是SQL92里基本或者核心的一部分。SQL92本身是分级的,包括入门级、过渡级、中间级和完全级。不过,SQL标准包含的内容实在太多,而且有很多特性对新的SQL产品也越来越不重要。从SQL99之后,标准中符合程度的定义就不再分级,而是改成了核心兼容性和特性兼容性。
各种不同的数据库管理系统产品对SQL的支持往往与标准存在细微的不同,这是因为,有的产品的开发先于标准的公布,另外,各产品开发商为了达到特殊的性能或新的特性,需要对标准进行扩展。
3.1.2SQL的特点
SQL集数据查询(Data Query)、数据操纵(Data Manipulation)、数据定义(Data Definition)和数据控制(Data Control)功能于一体,是一个通用的、功能极强的关系数据库语言,充分体现了关系数据语言的特点和优点。
1. 综合统一
SQL集数据定义语言(DDL)、数据操纵语言(DML)、数据控制语言（DCL）的功能于一体,语言风格统一,可以独立完成数据库生命周期中的全部活动,包括定义数据库、定义关系模式、录入数据以及数据库的查询、更新、维护、数据库重构、数据库安全性、完整性控制等一系列操作要求,这就为数据库应用系统开发提供了良好的环境,在数据库系统建成投入运行后,还可根据用户需要随时、逐步地修改模式,并不影响数据库系统的运行,从而使系统具有良好的可扩充性。
2. 高度非过程化
Shipping Overview:
• Shipping: Standard Domestic Shipping within the United States charges USD 4.99. Standard International Shipping from United Kingdom and Germany to the United States charges 14.99.
• Order Processing: Please allow 1-2 business days for order processing and preparation before shipment.
• Domestic Shipping: Orders within the U.S. are shipped via USPS or FedEx, depending on the origin of the product. The average transit time is 3-7 business days.
• International Shipping: Currently, we only ship within the USA.
• Tracking Information: Every order is trackable. You will receive a tracking number once your order has been shipped. Products may be shipped from various global fulfillment centers.
Shipping Delays:
Please note that shipping times may vary due to factors beyond our control, such as weather conditions, natural disasters, or peak holiday periods. While we strive to ensure timely delivery, the exact arrival time cannot be guaranteed and is managed by the shipping carrier.
Shipping Options:
-
Standard Delivery: Most orders are shipped within 3-7 business days. Larger items may utilize LTL shipping for safe handling.
-
Handling Time: We handle shipments on business days (Monday - Friday), with a preparation time of 1-2 days.
-
Additional Charges: Some items require additional shipping charges due to their size, weight, or special handling. These charges are specified on the product pages and are not eligible for shipping discounts.
-
Exclusions: Gift cards, packaging, taxes, and prior purchases do not count toward the minimum purchase requirement for free shipping. This offer is valid only for shipments to U.S. addresses, including Puerto Rico.
Delivery Details:
-
Estimates: Standard shipping within the US typically takes 3-7 business days. These are estimates and not guarantees.
-
Shipping Restrictions: We ship to all 50 states, Washington, DC, U.S. territories, and APO/FPO/DPO addresses. Shipping options vary based on the delivery address.
-
Remote Areas: Shipments to remote areas may incur additional charges or require pickup from a nearby shipping partner’s location.
Shipping Confirmation:
You will receive a shipping confirmation email with a tracking number as soon as your order is dispatched. If you do not receive this email immediately, please be assured that your items will arrive within the estimated delivery window provided at checkout.
Order Modifications:
If you need to cancel or modify your order, please contact our customer support immediately.
Issues with Delivery:
If your order shows as delivered but you have not received it, please contact the shipping carrier directly to resolve the issue. For persistent problems, contact our customer service at cs@everymarket.com.
Customer Support:
Our team is available 24/7 to assist you with any questions or concerns regarding your order. We are committed to ensuring a smooth shopping experience.
Return & Refund Policy Overview
Please review our return and refund policies below to ensure a smooth transaction process.
Return Policy
-
Duration: You have 30 days from receiving your item to initiate a return.
-
Condition: Items must be unworn, unwashed, with original tags and packaging intact.
-
Shipping Costs: Customers are responsible for return shipping costs.
-
Packaging: Ensure returned items are well-packaged to avoid damage during transit.
-
Tracking: Use a trackable and insured shipping method as we are not liable for items lost or damaged on return.
-
Initiating a Return: Contact us at cs@everymarket.com to start your return. We will provide a return shipping label and instructions upon approval. Returns without prior approval will not be accepted.
How to Return
-
Method: Returns must be sent back by mail to the address provided in the return instructions.
Return Label
-
Defective Products: Return labels are provided for defective items.
-
Non-Defective Returns: Customers are responsible for obtaining their return shipping label.
Product Conditions for Return
-
Eligible Products: Returns are only accepted for items in new condition.
Nonreturnable Items
Certain items are not eligible for return:
-
Electronic devices after 30 days (e.g., computers, laptops, Kindles)
-
Gift cards, prepaid game cards
-
Perishable goods, live insects, some jewelry, some health and personal care items
-
Customized or personalized products
-
Items with special shipping restrictions
Refund Policy
-
Window: Eligible products may be returned within 30 days of delivery for a refund.
-
Refund Method: Refunds are processed to the original payment method or as store credit for items purchased with gift cards.
-
Processing Time: Refunds are processed within 3-5 business days after we receive the return; please allow additional time for shipping and bank processing.
Claims
Inspect your order upon arrival and report any defects, damages, or incorrect items immediately to allow us to address the issue. For claims, contact our support team with details of the issue.
Exchange Policy
For the quickest service, return your original item and place a new order for the desired product once your return is accepted.
Return Address
EveryMarket Customer Service 2101 E Terra Ln, O'Fallon, MO 63366
Customer Support
Available 24/7 for any questions or assistance needed:
-
Phone: +1 636-312-5925
-
Email: cs@everymarket.com
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