常用中药材历史产区地图考
常用中药材历史产区地图考
《中医药法》中指出要建立道地药材评价体系、进行道地药材认证。明确道地药材产区是完成上述工作的前提，目前尚无一本专著从地图角度入手对道地药材产地变迁进行展示。该书的出版，将有益于道地药材产区“正本清源”，为进一步开展道地药材评价体系建设、道地药材认证奠定基础。
内容简介《中医药法》中指出要建立道地药材评价体系、进行道地药材认证。明确道地药材产区是完成上述工作的前提，目前尚无一本专著从地图角度入手对道地药材产地变迁进行展示。该书的出版，将有益于道地药材产区“正本清源”，为进一步开展道地药材评价体系建设、道地药材认证奠定基础。
本书将主流本草中原原本本记载的产地通过古今地图比较，真实显示道地药材产地从宋代以来的变化过程。在国家科技基础性工作专项的资助下，针对64种常用中药材在宋、明、清、民国等时期15本主流本草中记录的产地进行梳理，并绘制不同时期的药材记载产区地图，通过古今对比，从地理学、本草学、中药学角度展示道地药材产区变迁的过程，为贯彻《中医药法》、开展道地药材评价奠定基础。
黄璐琦，中国工程院院士。中国中医科学院院长、首席研究员、中药资源中心主任，全国中药资源普查试点工作专家指导组组长，科技部重点领域中药资源创新团队负责人，部局共建道地药材国家重点实验室（培育基地）负责人。曾任国家“973”项目首席科学家。组织实施了第四次全国中药资源普查试点工作，提出和发展了“分子生药学”和道地药材形成的理论，建立了珍稀濒危常用中药资源五种保护模式。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖4项。
7 山楂 83
8 川牛膝 87
9 川乌 91
10 川芎 97
11 天麻 103
12 木通 107
13 五味子和南五味子 113
14 贝母 119
15 丹皮 124
16 丹参 130
17 甘草 135
18 石斛 140
19 生姜 145
道地药材是中药的精髓，是中医药文化的精粹。根据《中华人民共和国中医药法》，道地药材是指经过中医临床长期应用优选出来的，产在特定地域，与其他地区所产同种中药材相比，品质和疗效更好，且质量稳定，具有较高知名度的中药材。国家要建立道地药材评价体系，支持道地药材品种选育，扶持道地药材生产基地建设，加强道地药材生产基地生态环境保护，鼓励采取地理标志产品保护等措施保护道地中药材。
道地产区的考证及其变迁研究，对道地药材的评价、生产基地建设、地理标志产品保护等将发挥关键作用。长期以来，有关药材产地变迁的考证和梳理工作主要集中在对古代文献的整理，结果大多以文字描述的形式呈现。但古籍中有关药材产地的文字记载常因笔误、行政区域随朝代改变、缺乏明确地理信息等问题引起歧义。
在科技基础性工作专项“常用道地药材及其产区的特征、 标准及数字化”的资助下，本书将古代文献整理与地图考证相结合，对道地药材的产地变迁进行梳理，称之“地图考”。具体步骤如下：① 选取从秦汉至民国不同历史时期具有重要影响力的代表性本草古籍，如《神农本草经》，东汉《名医别录》，南北朝《本草经集注》，唐代《千金翼方 · 药出州土》《新修本草》，北宋《本草图经》，明代《本草品汇精要》《本草纲目》《本草原始》，清代《本草备要》《本草求真》《本草从新》《本草述》，民国《药物出产辨》《增订伪药条辨》等15部，查找药材产地产区记载原文。② 利用中国地图出版社“中国历史地图数据库”，对本草古籍中记载的药材产地产区进行检索，并在本草古籍对应的不同历史时期地图上进行标注。③ 对药材产地变迁情况进行梳理和总结。
本书分为总论和各论。总论部分首先对上述提及的15部古籍有关记载产地方面的特点进行介绍，其次在6个朝代各选择了一本产地、产区记载颇具特色的古籍，如东汉《名医别录》、南北朝《本草经集注》、唐代《千金翼方 · 药出州土》、北宋《本草图经》、明代《本草品汇精要》、民国《药物出产辨》，对这6部古籍分别进行地图标注，几乎每一部古籍的所有地名都进行了标注，只有地名范围大、不明确的没有标注，如“茵陈蒿产江南”，“江南”没有标注。
各论部分按照品种分别进行考证，品种项下主要分为【中国药典基原】【古籍文献产地记载】【古籍文献产地图示】【古籍文献产地地理沿革】【现代产区情况】【古代产地对应现代地区考】六项内容。【中国药典基原】引用《中国药典》（2015年版），注明药材品种来源；【古籍文献产地记载】以表格形式列出“古籍名称”“古籍时期”“古代地名”“古籍描述”，“古籍描述”是按照不同古籍、不同朝代把该品种有关文字描述罗列在此，产地提炼后清晰地列在“古代地名”中，古籍中有其他朝代地名引用的，在朝代处标注“*”；【古籍文献产地图示】即对“古代地名”进行地图标注；【古籍文献产地地理沿革】把品种的产地变迁概括性总结；【现代产区情况】结合第四次全国中药资源普查数据和实地考察，总结现代该中药材品种产地产区情况；【古代产地对应现代地区考】对品种涉及的地名进行考证，主要根据《中国历史大辞典》（历史地理卷）进行查找考证，引用该书词条，描述地名的变迁，不明确的地名单独列出。
本书的古籍文献整理分别由中国中医科学院中药资源中心、中国中医科学院中药研究所、中国人民解放军海军军医大学、广西药用植物园、中国医学科学院药用植物研究所、中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所、安徽中医药大学、昆明理工大学、解放军第三〇二医院全军中药研究所、临沂市科技合作与应用研究院、南京中医药大学、重庆市中药研究院、贵州中医药大学、成都中医药大学、吉林省中医药科学院、山西医科大学、山西振东制药股份有限公司等17家单位完成，产地的提炼和地图标注工作主要由中国中医科学院中药资源中心与中国地图出版社完成。
产地产区名称的提炼工作难度很大。首先，古籍中记载的地名千奇百怪、不易辨别，或存在一些不常见的地名，且容易与地形地貌相关词语混淆。其次，古籍中常出现引用前人文献的情况，或明确指出引用文字的参考古籍，或与前人文献中记载的文字完全相同，或在引用的基础上增加作者自己的观点，造成内容重复，干扰产地产区的提炼。对于引用文字相同的状况，本书仅对早成书古籍中的产地产区名称进行提炼。
“地图考”的核心工作是对“古代地名”进行地图标注，由于古籍中产区产地记载不准确、引用文献标注多不规范，造成地图标注困难，主要表现在以下几个方面：
1. 部分古籍在引用前人文献记载的产地产区时，产地产区名称存在误抄误写的情况，如黄连在明代《本草纲目》记载：“颂曰：今江、湖、荆、夔州郡亦有，而以宣城九节坚重相击有声者为胜，施、黔者次之……”清代《本草备要》云：“……出宜州者粗肥，出四川者瘦小。”而《本草从新》记载：“出宣州者粗肥，出四川者瘦小……”据考证发现，《本草备要》中“宜州”是错误的，应为“宣州”。
2. 产地产区存在描述不清的情况，如古籍中记载的“池州”，可能为“池州府”或“池州路”等。本书只能依据古籍成书朝代行政区名称进行标注，可能与原作者描述的产区产地位置略有不同。
3. 部分古籍内容为后人辑成，其所收集资料年代不清，涉及的产区产地可能随着朝代更迭发生位置变化，因此这类产区产地的标注可能存在偏差。
4. 因古文标点断句存在错误，会造成地名不准确。如民国《药物出产辨》记载人参：“产奉天省，新开河地方为好。其次松江、河头、道江等处均有出。”经对民国时期地图进行查找，发现无“松江、河头、道江”，却有“松江河”“头道江”，推测前人对古文标点断句存在错误，民国时期产地为“松江河”“头道江”。
以上情况在“对应现代地区考”中做了详细说明，并对正确的产地产区名称进行考证以及地图标注。
本书以古籍描述为依据，将药材古代产地产区标注在所处朝代地图上，本着“原汁原味、实事求是”的宗旨，通过古今对照，考证地名原始。在编写过程中，与中国地图出版社频繁沟通、反复校稿，但由于部分古籍记载地名含糊不清、考证难度大，书中不免出现错误，敬请读者沟通指正。
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2019年12月
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《中医药法》中指出要建立道地药材评价体系、进行道地药材认证。明确道地药材产区是完成上述工作的前提，目前尚无一本专著从地图角度入手对道地药材产地变迁进行展示。该书的出版，将有益于道地药材产区“正本清源”，为进一步开展道地药材评价体系建设、道地药材认证奠定基础。
本书将主流本草中原原本本记载的产地通过古今地图比较，真实显示道地药材产地从宋代以来的变化过程。在国家科技基础性工作专项的资助下，针对64种常用中药材在宋、明、清、民国等时期15本主流本草中记录的产地进行梳理，并绘制不同时期的药材记载产区地图，通过古今对比，从地理学、本草学、中药学角度展示道地药材产区变迁的过程，为贯彻《中医药法》、开展道地药材评价奠定基础。
黄璐琦，中国工程院院士。中国中医科学院院长、首席研究员、中药资源中心主任，全国中药资源普查试点工作专家指导组组长，科技部重点领域中药资源创新团队负责人，部局共建道地药材国家重点实验室（培育基地）负责人。曾任国家“973”项目首席科学家。组织实施了第四次全国中药资源普查试点工作，提出和发展了“分子生药学”和道地药材形成的理论，建立了珍稀濒危常用中药资源五种保护模式。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖4项。
7 山楂 83
8 川牛膝 87
9 川乌 91
10 川芎 97
11 天麻 103
12 木通 107
13 五味子和南五味子 113
14 贝母 119
15 丹皮 124
16 丹参 130
17 甘草 135
18 石斛 140
19 生姜 145
道地药材是中药的精髓，是中医药文化的精粹。根据《中华人民共和国中医药法》，道地药材是指经过中医临床长期应用优选出来的，产在特定地域，与其他地区所产同种中药材相比，品质和疗效更好，且质量稳定，具有较高知名度的中药材。国家要建立道地药材评价体系，支持道地药材品种选育，扶持道地药材生产基地建设，加强道地药材生产基地生态环境保护，鼓励采取地理标志产品保护等措施保护道地中药材。
道地产区的考证及其变迁研究，对道地药材的评价、生产基地建设、地理标志产品保护等将发挥关键作用。长期以来，有关药材产地变迁的考证和梳理工作主要集中在对古代文献的整理，结果大多以文字描述的形式呈现。但古籍中有关药材产地的文字记载常因笔误、行政区域随朝代改变、缺乏明确地理信息等问题引起歧义。
在科技基础性工作专项“常用道地药材及其产区的特征、 标准及数字化”的资助下，本书将古代文献整理与地图考证相结合，对道地药材的产地变迁进行梳理，称之“地图考”。具体步骤如下：① 选取从秦汉至民国不同历史时期具有重要影响力的代表性本草古籍，如《神农本草经》，东汉《名医别录》，南北朝《本草经集注》，唐代《千金翼方 · 药出州土》《新修本草》，北宋《本草图经》，明代《本草品汇精要》《本草纲目》《本草原始》，清代《本草备要》《本草求真》《本草从新》《本草述》，民国《药物出产辨》《增订伪药条辨》等15部，查找药材产地产区记载原文。② 利用中国地图出版社“中国历史地图数据库”，对本草古籍中记载的药材产地产区进行检索，并在本草古籍对应的不同历史时期地图上进行标注。③ 对药材产地变迁情况进行梳理和总结。
本书分为总论和各论。总论部分首先对上述提及的15部古籍有关记载产地方面的特点进行介绍，其次在6个朝代各选择了一本产地、产区记载颇具特色的古籍，如东汉《名医别录》、南北朝《本草经集注》、唐代《千金翼方 · 药出州土》、北宋《本草图经》、明代《本草品汇精要》、民国《药物出产辨》，对这6部古籍分别进行地图标注，几乎每一部古籍的所有地名都进行了标注，只有地名范围大、不明确的没有标注，如“茵陈蒿产江南”，“江南”没有标注。
各论部分按照品种分别进行考证，品种项下主要分为【中国药典基原】【古籍文献产地记载】【古籍文献产地图示】【古籍文献产地地理沿革】【现代产区情况】【古代产地对应现代地区考】六项内容。【中国药典基原】引用《中国药典》（2015年版），注明药材品种来源；【古籍文献产地记载】以表格形式列出“古籍名称”“古籍时期”“古代地名”“古籍描述”，“古籍描述”是按照不同古籍、不同朝代把该品种有关文字描述罗列在此，产地提炼后清晰地列在“古代地名”中，古籍中有其他朝代地名引用的，在朝代处标注“*”；【古籍文献产地图示】即对“古代地名”进行地图标注；【古籍文献产地地理沿革】把品种的产地变迁概括性总结；【现代产区情况】结合第四次全国中药资源普查数据和实地考察，总结现代该中药材品种产地产区情况；【古代产地对应现代地区考】对品种涉及的地名进行考证，主要根据《中国历史大辞典》（历史地理卷）进行查找考证，引用该书词条，描述地名的变迁，不明确的地名单独列出。
本书的古籍文献整理分别由中国中医科学院中药资源中心、中国中医科学院中药研究所、中国人民解放军海军军医大学、广西药用植物园、中国医学科学院药用植物研究所、中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所、安徽中医药大学、昆明理工大学、解放军第三〇二医院全军中药研究所、临沂市科技合作与应用研究院、南京中医药大学、重庆市中药研究院、贵州中医药大学、成都中医药大学、吉林省中医药科学院、山西医科大学、山西振东制药股份有限公司等17家单位完成，产地的提炼和地图标注工作主要由中国中医科学院中药资源中心与中国地图出版社完成。
产地产区名称的提炼工作难度很大。首先，古籍中记载的地名千奇百怪、不易辨别，或存在一些不常见的地名，且容易与地形地貌相关词语混淆。其次，古籍中常出现引用前人文献的情况，或明确指出引用文字的参考古籍，或与前人文献中记载的文字完全相同，或在引用的基础上增加作者自己的观点，造成内容重复，干扰产地产区的提炼。对于引用文字相同的状况，本书仅对早成书古籍中的产地产区名称进行提炼。
“地图考”的核心工作是对“古代地名”进行地图标注，由于古籍中产区产地记载不准确、引用文献标注多不规范，造成地图标注困难，主要表现在以下几个方面：
1. 部分古籍在引用前人文献记载的产地产区时，产地产区名称存在误抄误写的情况，如黄连在明代《本草纲目》记载：“颂曰：今江、湖、荆、夔州郡亦有，而以宣城九节坚重相击有声者为胜，施、黔者次之……”清代《本草备要》云：“……出宜州者粗肥，出四川者瘦小。”而《本草从新》记载：“出宣州者粗肥，出四川者瘦小……”据考证发现，《本草备要》中“宜州”是错误的，应为“宣州”。
2. 产地产区存在描述不清的情况，如古籍中记载的“池州”，可能为“池州府”或“池州路”等。本书只能依据古籍成书朝代行政区名称进行标注，可能与原作者描述的产区产地位置略有不同。
3. 部分古籍内容为后人辑成，其所收集资料年代不清，涉及的产区产地可能随着朝代更迭发生位置变化，因此这类产区产地的标注可能存在偏差。
4. 因古文标点断句存在错误，会造成地名不准确。如民国《药物出产辨》记载人参：“产奉天省，新开河地方为好。其次松江、河头、道江等处均有出。”经对民国时期地图进行查找，发现无“松江、河头、道江”，却有“松江河”“头道江”，推测前人对古文标点断句存在错误，民国时期产地为“松江河”“头道江”。
以上情况在“对应现代地区考”中做了详细说明，并对正确的产地产区名称进行考证以及地图标注。
本书以古籍描述为依据，将药材古代产地产区标注在所处朝代地图上，本着“原汁原味、实事求是”的宗旨，通过古今对照，考证地名原始。在编写过程中，与中国地图出版社频繁沟通、反复校稿，但由于部分古籍记载地名含糊不清、考证难度大，书中不免出现错误，敬请读者沟通指正。
编委会
2019年12月
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